1. Support research and development efforts in developing nations that address local and global needs

• International financial support and collaboration are required for creating centers of excellence - research programs, within a university, a research institute, or operating independently, typically located in one geographical location, and deemed by merit review to be of the highest international quality in personnel, infrastructure, and research output - whether of local, national, regional, or international status.
• Foundations should financially support the creation of new virtual networks of excellence (VNE) - research programs jointly sponsored and conducted by research institutes in different geographical locations, with research personnel communicating and collaborating primarily via new technologies such as the internet and the World Wide Web, deemed by merit review to be of the highest international quality in personnel, infrastructure, and research output - nationally, regionally, and globally.
• Research in developing nations should be supported through research grants for poor-country diseases and support for global health initiatives.
• Foundations should support and help finance the creation of two global funds - an institutional fund and a program fund - that would provide international funding to research programs of merit in developing nations.
• Foundations should participate in a conference of the international community of donors to review and refine the concept of global funds for science and, if they agree to it, help form a steering group to develop the funding mechanisms necessary for implementation. They should also play leadership roles in related projects that come to pass.

2. Help developing nations to upgrade their educational institutions and programs

• Foundations should help each developing nation to establish a country - specific science - education policy that not only caters to national needs but instills an awareness of global responsibilities (e.g., environmental). Consequent national projects should particularly aim to modernize science education at the elementary- and secondary-school levels (ages 5-18); and they should emphasize inquiry-directed learning of scientific principles and skills while highlighting the values of science. Whether students go on to scientific careers or not, all should leave school with a good general understanding of science and its role in society.
• Foundations should help each government to focus resources on providing high-quality training for science and technology teachers. This will involve special efforts at all tertiary-education institutions, including research universities.
• Foundations should support government awards of special fellowships or grants, designed to provide adequate research support and income supplements, to outstanding young scientists who work in developing nations for a period of time. Such special treatment may require local institutional flexibility, but it would be amply justified by the fundamental benefit of stimulating and retaining the local talent. For their part, governments of developing nations should provide re-entry grants to encourage young scientists trained in the industrialized world to return home.

3. Help developing nations to provide information on S&T resources and issues to the public

• Funding should be provided for innovation in disseminating the results of new knowledge and technologies and in turning them into new products and services that address local needs. Such efforts could include:
  • Consultative services, provided by national or regional research institutions, in areas such as agriculture, water and land management, housing, and health;
  • Cooperative partnerships between local citizens and research institutions for sharing up-to-date information of local relevance;
  • Empowerment of social entrepreneurs for supplying products and services significantly below market prices to people in need;
  • 'Information kiosks,' either publicly funded or for-profit, to help distribute useful information obtained from the Internet.

4. Facilitate regional and international S&T training programs

• Foundations should offer financial support and help design the institutional framework to establish 'sandwich programs' that provide for a portion of S&T training abroad.
• Foundations should support innovative regional cooperation in S&T training that leads to doctoral degrees, together with postdoctoral programs. The training should be promoted in national or regional centers of excellence, especially those that are in S&T-proficient countries among the developing ones. In particular, such centers of excellence should provide scholarships and research facilities, including the use of their own laboratories, to help achieve international cooperation with and among developing nations. They should also take into account the often-critical need for travel money.
• The training of new scientists and engineers should be aided by networks that have already been established by practicing professionals in diverse specialties. These networks should be given enduring support by academic, governmental, intergovernmental, and private organizations.

5. Support the development of digital S&T information sources

• Foundations should provide funding and expert support for libraries to maintain electronic gateways for the sharing of digital information among researchers, teachers, and learners.
• Foundations should provide funds for establishing major hubs in the developing world for sharing digital information with research institutions in the industrialized world. This will facilitate access to some materials (in video format, for example) that require wide bandwidth not necessarily available everywhere. It will also serve the eminently sensible goal of backing up original material.

6. Play an important role in implementing the actions proposed in this report, either individually or in partnerships with national governments; private sector; and international, regional, and local agencies

• Foundations should promote imaginative partnerships between the public and private sectors that bring the benefits of scientific discoveries and technological innovations to all of the world's people. Such partnerships can invigorate education, conduct research of mutual interest, and capitalize on the results of the research for the benefit of society.
• Foundations should provide assistance to help stimulate long-term public and private sector investments in effective local 'knowledge - based infrastructure' - the entire system of national private entrepreneurship, human resources, investment, and exploration of the advancing frontiers of S&T knowledge.

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