These well-known and generally accepted measures deserve inclusion here because they are indispensable parts of the mix and because - despite general declarations of acceptance and support - there has not been sufficient implementation. It is also important to keep pushing for the adoption of certain measures that have been regularly urged but insufficiently acted upon in the past.

1. Develop national plans ('policy for S&T'). The need for a coherent national S&T strategy should be reaffirmed. Such a strategy, to be developed in consultation with a country's academies of sciences, engineering, and medicine, should include clear statements of national priorities and attract funding commitments on the order of 1 to 1.5 percent of Gross Domestic Product (Section 2.1). Such strategies should be revised every four years or so.
2. Provide expert scientific inputs to policymaking ('S&T for policy'). A nation's scientists and technologists, individually and through their academies and professional associations, universities, and research institutes, should be actively advising government decisionmakers on issues that have S&T-related components or implications (Section 2.2).

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