An important step in this direction will be the creation of 'virtual networks of excellence' (VNE) throughout the developing world. Each VNE will mobilize groups of scientists and engineers to collaborate on projects and nurture S&T talent largely through 'virtual institutes.' Virtual institutes will be relatively small, efficient, and embrace innovative research groups anchored in recognized research centers. Though these groups may be far apart geographically, they will be closely linked to each other via the Internet. The virtual institutes created through VNE will work to blend their activities into coherent programs, yet the individual research groups will work in areas of prime interest to their own countries. (See Box 35 for a description of a relevant technology-based cooperative program among developing nations countries; and Box 36 for a description of effective regional research programs in Latin America.)
The objectives of a VNE-sponsored virtual institute should be as follows:
A VNE should create virtual institutes that embrace these two qualities. First are those that deepen researchers' competence in their respective fields, forge new collaborations with colleagues elsewhere (both in and across fields), and help to form an essential basis of S&T knowledge for social and economic advancement. The second are those that directly address strategic themes for national development, such as enhanced productivity and competitiveness, through the direct application of scientific knowledge and technological know-how.
Either way, each virtual institute will be coordinated by a researcher of exceptional repute who is responsible for its research efforts and administration. It will be housed at a host institution that provides adequate resources, both human and material. In the case of multi-institutional teams, all entities involved should guarantee effective support for the project's participants in their purview.
Although the resources for establishing a VNE can be considerable, the benefits may well be worth the costs to funders. And while the main focus here is on the developing world, such virtual networks can serve the S&T-advanced countries, and the world, as well. Because of modern communications, virtual networks of excellence are a convenient way today to mobilize scientific and technological communities - wherever they may be - for addressing issues of national, regional, or international interest.
An important instrument in the promotion of virtual networks and, in some cases, centers of excellence themselves, is the Millennium Science Initiative that has recently been established in Brazil, Chile, and Mexico with strong support from the World Bank and local S&T communities. Such a Millennium Science Initiative is also to take root in Vietnam, and several others are being planned for Africa as well. (See Box 37.)
