This farming system extends across the northern part of the Republic of South Africa and the southern part of Namibia, mostly in semi-arid and dry subhumid zones. It comprises two distinct subtypes - scattered smallholder farming in the homelands and large-scale commercialized farming. Both subtypes are largely mixed cereal-livestock systems, with maize dominating in the north and east, and sorghum and millet in the west. Both cattle and small ruminants are raised. The level of crop-livestock integration is moderate. Vulnerability is high in the smallholder subsystem, since a considerable part of the farming system has poor soils and is drought-prone.

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