Smallholder farmers in Africa manage their environmental diversity by matching crops and crop mixtures to the variations in the bio-physical environment, resulting in farming systems that involve 10-15 food and cash crops in a wide array of mixtures. The earlier descriptions of the farming systems indicated the need for interventions at all production ecological levels to generate productivity increases. The diverse conditions of the African continent demand specific measures, and the following sections focus on integrated and technological approaches to overcome constraints.

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