African countries today typically have a complex array of institutions responsible for the planning, funding and conduct of agricultural research and the dissemination of technology options arising from it. These include national agricultural research institutions (NARIs), universities, international agricultural research centres (IARCs) and extension services, which historically have been publicly funded. In addition there is the private sector, farmer organizations, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and community-based organizations (CBOs) that are predominantly funded from private sources. The national agricultural research system (NARS) embodies this array, although the elements largely act independently of each other with a minimum of coordination.

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